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The essential feature of Bipolar II Disorder is a clinical course that is characterized by the occurrence of one or more Major Depressive Episodes (Criterion A) accompanied by at least one Hypomanic Episode (Criterion B). Hypomanic Episodes should not be
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Associated descriptive features and mental disorders. Completed suicide (usually during Major Depressive Episodes) is a significant risk, occurring in 10%-15% of persons with Bipolar II Disorder. School truancy, school failure, occupational failure, or divorce may be associated with Bipolar II
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Some studies have indicated that first-degree biological relatives of individuals with Bipolar II Disorder have elevated rates of Bipolar II Disorder, Bipolar I Disorder, and Major Depressive Disorder compared with the general population.
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The following specifiers for Bipolar II Disorder should be used to indicate the nature of the current episode or, if the full criteria are not currently met for a Hypomanic or Major Depressive Episode, the nature of the most recent
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The diagnostic code for Bipolar II Disorder is 296.89; none of the specifiers are codable. In recording the name of the diagnosis, terms should be listed in the following order: Bipolar II Disorder, specifiers indicating current or most recent episode
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Bipolar II Disorder may be more common in women than in men. Gender appears to be related to the number and type of Hypomanic and Major Depressive Episodes. In men the number of Hypomanic Episodes equals or exceeds the number
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A. Biomedical Therapies: Treatment of bi-polar disorder depends on the specific form of be-havioral disorder at presentation. Lithium carbonate or divalproex represents the preferred initial intervention for the acute manic state, even though 10-14 days may be required before full
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A 27-year-old male graduate student in molecular biology was brought to the emergency room by his fiancee, who explained that over the preceding 2 weeks he had become increasingly irritable and suspicious and had undergone a “personality change.” She noted
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Multinational studies indicate that the lifetime risk of bipolar disorder is approximately 1-2%. Depending on how the phenotype is defined, the concordance rate for bipolar illness ranges from 65% to 85% in monozygotic twins and is 20% in dizygotic twins.
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A. Biochemical Factors: Although many differences in biochemical indices have been described when patients with bipolar disorder are compared to normal control subjects, there is no agreement about which alterations have etiological significance and which are secondary effects or epiphenomena.
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Emil Kraepelin, the German psychiatrist who coined the phrase “manic depression,” wrote that bipolar illness, in contrast to schizophrenia, usually has a good prognosis. In Kraepelin’s original sample of 459 patients, 45% had only one attack, and very few had
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A. Manic Disorder: Now that pharmacological treatment has become widespread, the complete natural history of a manic episode is seldom observed. Speed of onset, severity, and duration of the manic episode vary greatly in different individuals, depending, apparently, in part
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